HIV NPEP Access Toolkit > Learn More
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HIV Risk & Prophylaxis After Sexual Assault: A Companion to the HIV nPEP Toolkit
HIV, AIDS, and Prevention
- AIDS Education and Training Center. (n.d.). Welcome [Website]. https://aidsetc.org/
- AIDS Education & Training Center. (2022). Non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) toolkit. https://aidsetc.org/resource/npep-toolkit
- Beal, J., Taylor, D., Matthews, D., & Jasmin. R. (2016). nPEP plan of action toolkit: Non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) resource materials for health care providers. Florida Department of Health, Bureau of Communicable Disease, HIV/AIDS Section. https://escambia.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/clinical-health...
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). HIV resource library [Webpage]. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/index.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Sexual assault and abuse and STIs – Adolescents and adults [Webpage]. https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/sexual-assault-adults.htm
- Centers for Disease and Control Prevention. (2022). HIV basics [Webpage]. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/index.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Let’s stop HIV together [Webpage]. https://www.cdc.gov/stophivtogether/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F...
Disparities in HIV Care and Sexual Assault
Journal Articles
To access the full articles, please contact your institution, professional organization, or the National Sexual Violence Resource Center Library at nsvrclibrary@nsvrc.org.
Ford, C. L., Daniel, M., Earp, J. L., Kaufman, J. S., Golin, C. E., & Miller, W. C. (2009). Perceived everyday racism, residential segregation, and HIV testing among patients at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. American Journal of Public Health, 99(Suppl. 1), S137–S143. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.120865
- Measured the association between perceived racism and likelihood of seeking HIV testing among African Americans
- Found that greater perceived racism increased the odds of being tested
Lo, C. C., Runnels, R. C., & Cheng, T. C. (2013). Racial/ethnic differences in HIV testing: An application of the health services utilization model. Sage Open Medicine, 6, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118783414
- Compared the role of predisposing, enabling, and need factors in explaining HIV testing rates among White, Hispanic, African American, and Asian populations
- Concluded that greater need corresponded to higher rates of HIV testing
- Females, older people, and sexual minorities were more likely to be tested
- Factors associated with testing rates varied between races
Zweig, J., Newmark, L., Raja, D., & Denver, M. (2014). Accessing sexual assault medical forensic exams. Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/accessing-sexual-assault-medi...
- Assessed barriers to accessing medical forensic exams by conducting focus groups comprised of sexual assault survivors and surveying state-level sexual assault coalitions and community-based service providers
- Participants indicated that non-English speakers, immigrants, and American Indians face greater challenges in accessing medical forensic exams
- These populations face language and geographical barriers in accessing medical forensic exams
- Culturally insensitive practices among first responders as well as lack of SANEs are also barriers
Sommers, M. S., Fargo, J. D., Baker, R. B., Fisher, B. S., Buschur, C., & Zink, T. M. (2009). Health disparities in the forensic sexual assault examination related to skin color. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 5(4), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2009.01054.x
- Conducted forensic sexual assault exams on women following consensual sexual intercourse to investigate the relationship between skin color and prevalence of anogenital injury
- White women were found to have higher frequencies of anogenital injuries; a significant difference between the injury rates of White and Black participants was only observed for external injuries, with both groups having similar odds of sustaining injuries to the external genitalia and anus
- Findings suggest that sexual assault forensic examiners may have more difficulty detecting anogenital injuries in dark skinned women, leading to health disparities for women of color
Tillman, S., Bryant-Davis, T., Smith, K., & Marks, A. (2010). Shattering silence: Exploring barriers to disclosure for African American sexual assault survivors. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 11(2), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838010363717
- Reviewed existing literature to assess why African American women are less likely to seek help following sexual assaults
- Intrapsychic factors, lack of peer/community support, stigmatization of African American female sexuality, structural racism, and racial loyalty are discussed as potential barriers to disclosure
- Authors provide culturally relevant recommendations for intervention and examine the implications for sexual assault policy
Randolph, S. D., Golin, C., Welgus, H., Lightfoot, A. F., Harding, C. J., & Riggins, L. F. (2020). How perceived structural racism and discrimination and medical mistrust in the health system influences participation in HIV health services for Black women living in the United States South: A qualitative, descriptive study. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 31(5), 598=605. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000189
- Conducted focus groups consisting of Black women living in low-income housing communities to evaluate how structural racism and medical mistrust affects their participation in HIV related health services
- Participants reported that barriers to the utilization of health services are rooted in personal experiences which developed mistrust in the healthcare system
Other Resources
- HIV.gov. (n.d.). Impact on racial and ethnic minorities [Webpage]. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/impact-on-racial...
- Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2022). HIV and African American people [Fact sheet]. https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/fact-sheets/hiv/black-african-ameri...
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). HIV and Hispanic/Latino people [Fact sheet]. https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/fact-sheets/hiv/hispanic-latino-fac...
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). HIV and transgender people [Fact sheet]. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/gender/transgender/index.html
- National Organization for Women. (2018). Black women and sexual violence. https://now.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Black-Women-and-Sexual-Violen...
Covers the historical roots of sexual violence against Black women, explains why Black women are less likely to report sexual assaults, and discusses the Sex Abuse to Prison Pipeline
- White House Office of National AIDS Policy. (2021). National HIV/AIDS Strategy 2022-2025. https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/national-hiv-aids-strategy/national...